Effects of levonorgestrel as contaminant of emerging concern in water: A review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24850/j-tyca-2026-04-04Keywords:
water pollution, waste water, water treatment, pharmaceuticals, levonorgestrel, aquatic environment, environmental health, literature reviewsAbstract
Water pollution poses a significant risk to human health and aquatic ecosystems. Among the contaminants present in this resource are emerging contaminants (ECs), unregulated compounds that, even at low concentrations, can produce adverse effects on organisms. One of them is levonorgestrel (LNG), a synthetic progestin widely used in human and veterinary medicine. Its main pathway into the aquatic environment is through wastewater discharges, since approximately 70 % of the compound is excreted via urine and feces. LNG has been detected in water bodies from countries such as Spain, Canada, Mexico, Malaysia, and the United States, in concentrations ranging from 0.11 to 88 ng/l. At these levels, it can cause fish masculinization, changes in size and weight, and disruptions in reproductive cycles. Conventional wastewater treatment processes are not efficient in removing this type of contaminant, making it necessary to apply advanced filtration techniques or advanced oxidation processes. This work presents a literature review on LNG as an emerging contaminant, addressing its characteristics, environmental occurrence, reported effects on aquatic organisms, main detection techniques, and the most studied removal processes.
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