Revisión de la aplicación del modelo SWAT para la gestión sustentable de los recursos hídricos ante un panorama de sobreexplotación de acuíferos, cambio climático y cambio en el uso de suelo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24850/j-tyca-2026-02-07Palabras clave:
modelo matemático, recursos hídricos, agua subterránea, conservación del suelo, erosión del suelo, uso de la tierraResumen
Con el propósito de demostrar la capacidad del modelo SWAT (acrónimo de Soil & Water Assessment Tool) para llevar a cabo estudios de viabilidad destinados a la implementación de alternativas sustentables y a pequeña escala para mitigar la sobreexplotación de aguas subterráneas bajo la amenaza del cambio climático y cambio en el uso de suelo, en este artículo se han recopilado y analizado distintas investigaciones en las que se ha empleado tal herramienta para el análisis y la predicción de la dinámica de aguas superficiales y subterráneas, la erosión y sedimentación del suelo, así como estudios que incorporan la implementación de embalses, humedales y mejores métodos de gestión (BMP, por sus siglas en inglés) con objetivos hidrológicos y de conservación de suelos. Entre los resultados se identifica un número limitado de trabajos encaminados exclusivamente a determinar la viabilidad de implementar pequeñas obras de recarga hídrica. Asimismo, se observa en la mayoría de las metodologías propuestas la simulación de un escenario base previamente calibrado y validado, el cual después es modificado para simular escenarios de cambio climático, cambio en el uso de suelo, o implementación de BMP. Por último, a partir del análisis de los resultados de las distintas investigaciones se ha identificado una alta efectividad de la reforestación, terrazas paralelas, "barraginhas", presas filtrantes y las terrazas en general para reducir la producción de sedimentos y la escorrentía superficial en una cuenca, lo cual puede eventualmente favorecer la recarga hídrica.
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